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0718_FatBlog_Feature2

Fats Explained-What Is Fat And Why Do We Need It?

In the early 90s dietary fat was considered a “villain” and carbohydrates were the “heroine”. The thinking was that by lowering fat in the diet you could decrease the risk of heart disease. Many began to believe that eating fat, made you fat. As a result the food industry began replacing fat with carbohydrates in food products leading to greater consumption of low-fat, high-sugar foods (think Snackwells cookies).  

Guide to Fat

While fat does provide more calories per gram (9kcal/gram) compared to carbohydrate and protein (4kcals/gram), we now know it’s not as simple as swapping out one ingredient for another. In fact there are many benefits to be gained by consuming the right types of fat, the key is moderation. Here we’ll break down what fats are, why you need them, and what to know when choosing them.

What is Fat and Why We Need It?

  • Fat is a major energy source for producing energy (ATP) as needed in the body (9kcal/gram)
  • Involved in cell signaling and gene expression
  • An important regulator of inflammation, insulin action, and brain function
  • Sends hormonal signals to the brain saying you are full and satisfied
  • Slows the rate at which carbohydrates enter the blood stream, helping to minimize spikes in blood sugar
  • Helps with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
  • Major contributor to cell structure and function 

0718_FatBlog_TypesOfFat

Types of Fat

Monounsaturated Fat (Omega-9):  Monounsaturated fats are fatty acids that contain one (mono) double bond and are liquid at room temperature. These fats can be made by our body, making them non-essential nutrients. You might also hear them referred to as omega-9 fats. Monounsaturated fats are considered “good fats” as their intake may help to promote a healthy heart.

Sources: Oils (Olive oil, high-oleic safflower and sunflower oil), avocado, and nuts.{{cta('25ec2a28-187f-4376-8d99-d9c3a928be8e')}}

Polyunsaturated (Omega-3 and Omega 6 Fats): Polyunsaturated fats include both omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids. Going back to chemistry these fatty acids contain more than one (poly) double bond and are liquid at room temperature. Polyunsaturated fats are considered essential, meaning they must be supplied by our diet as our bodies can’t make them on their own.

Omega-6 Fats: Linoleic Acid is an essential omega-6 fat that has the ability to be made into Arachidonic Acid, a precursor to hormones (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes) linked to inflammation. You need small amounts in the diet, but overconsumption can lead to increased levels of inflammation. Since many processed foods are made with vegetable oils rich in omega-6 fats, most Americans are overconsuming these fats in their diets.

Sources of omega-6 fatty acids: nuts, seeds, vegetable oils (sunflower, corn, cottonseed, soybean)

Omega-3 Fats Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fat (found flaxseed, canola oil, nuts) that has the ability to be converted into EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA have been widely studied for their anti-inflammatory benefits.  Only about 1-10% of the omega-3s in ALA are converted into EPA and DHA, so to reap the most benefits it’s important to get EPA and DHA directly through fish and fish oils.

Sources of omega-3 fatty acids: Fatty fish and fish oil, nuts, flaxseed.

Saturated Fats: Saturated Fat can be made in the body (non-essential) and can be used for structural and metabolic functions. Intake of saturated fat should be limited as higher consumption has been linked to the risk of heart disease. Studies show that replacing saturated fats with mono and polyunsaturated fats may reduce the risk of heart disease.

Sources: Whole milk, cream, butter, cheese, meat and oils (coconut oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil).

Trans-Fat: Trans-fats can occur naturally in animal products (milk, butter, cheese, meat), but the majority of trans-fat in our diet comes from the manufacturing process. This is done through a process called hydrogenation where hydrogen is added to vegetable oil, making them go from a liquid at room temperature to a solid. You’ll often see trans-fats listed on labels in the form of partially hydrogenated oils. As of June 18, 2018 trans-fats can no longer be produced, but you may still see them in marketplace through the start or 2020 to give manufacturers time to get them out of circulation. Trans-fats have been shown to be detrimental to health as their intake has been associated with increased levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and the risk for heart disease. Intake should be avoided.

Sources: Listed as "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil", found in many processed foods and most bakery products (cookies, cakes, crackers and pastries).

Fat Recommendations for the Zone Diet

We recommend fat consumption come primarily from heart-healthy monounsaturated fat and anti-inflammatory omega-3 fats rich in EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid). Simultaneously we suggest reducing the consumption of vegetable oils rich in omega-6 fats, and avoid intake of fats rich in arachidonic acid, known to be pro-inflammatory.

When making a Zone meal we recommend aiming for one that is under 12 grams of fat with 25 grams of protein, about 35 grams of net carbs (total carbohydrates minus fiber) and approximately 400 calories or less.  When you have the right amount of fat, balanced with protein and low glycemic carbohydrates, it helps minimize hungry and fatigue for up to 4-5hours. 0518-Carbs-Simple-Complex-Blog2

How Much Omega3 Should You Be Getting Each Day

EPA and DHA are the two omega-3 fatty acids that have been most widely studied in the literature for their clinical benefits in lowering inflammation. Dr. Sears recommends individuals consume at least 3000mg of EPA and DHA daily for wellness. It would be difficult to meet this recommended intake of EPA and DHA from eating fish alone. While there are benefits to consuming fish, the current recommendations for adults (excluding pregnant woman and children) is to consume no more than 12 ounces of fish per week to minimize intake of contaminants like mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins. This is why we recommend OmegaRx 2 as it’s highly purified to remove as many PCBs as possible making it your best choice for purity and potency.

Omega 3 Comparison

Try our zesty avocado dip as a dressing or on the side with chicken and spinach salad.

Chicken with Avocado Dip

Instructions:

  1. In a blender blend together avocado, mango and lime juice.
  2. Grill the chicken breast and top with avocado dressing (or on the side).
  3. Serve with spinach salad topped with Zoned Herb Dressing (made ahead of time) and Brussels sprouts drizzled with extra virgin olive oil, salt and pepper.

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062524---Keto-Blog

Ketogenic Diets and Aging

Chances are, you or someone you know has tried the keto diet at some point in time. This high-fat, very low-carbohydrate eating plan appeals to many due to its promise of rapid weight loss. In this blog, Dr. Sears explores some of the latest scientific findings on ketogenic diets and provides caution before hopping on this trend. What is a Ketogenic Diet? The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate eating plan. This significant reduction in carbohydrates to induce a metabolic state is called ketosis. This only occurs when there is not enough carbohydrates in your liver to completely convert fatty acids to carbon dioxide and water. The normal conversion generates the chemical energy (ATP) that keeps us alive. In the absence of ketosis, each fatty acid generates 108 molecules of ATP when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies make less ATP when they are metabolized by mitochondria. How much less? About five times less. This is like switching the gasoline in your car from high-octane fuel to low octane fuel as ketone bodies increase in the blood. Furthermore, contrary to popular belief, ketones are not an ideal energy source for the brain, as glucose remains the preferred fuel for ATP production in brain cells. Lack of blood glucose is a highly stressful situation for the brain. This is why the body secretes the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands during ketosis to breakdown protein and convert the amino acids into glucose for the brain. This explains why even under complete starvation for 38 days, the blood glucose levels never dropped below 68 mg/dL. This is still considered as a normal blood sugar level. Where did this blood glucose come from if there was none in the diet for 38 days? The answer is neo-glucogenesis primarily using lean body mass. Ketogenic Diets Pros and Cons Interest in ketogenic diets rises and falls about every 20 years. They’re very low-carbohydrate diets that claim that carbohydrates make you fat and keep you fat. This is simply not true. It is not carbohydrates per se but a disrupted metabolism that makes you fat. To be more specific, it is the inhibition of AMPK, the master regulator of your metabolism that makes you fat. Why? As AMPK activity increases, you burn stored fat faster. Frankly, I’ve always been amazed by the re-emergence of ketogenic diets. Eighteen years ago, I published the premier clinical study demonstrating that, under equal calorie intake in which all the food was provided to the subjects for six weeks, the Zone Diet was better than a ketogenic diet in reducing total weight, excess body fat, and inflammation. Now, a recent study revealed some more very concerning findings about the long-term effects of ketogenic diets. This new study indicated that following a keto diet causes a rise in senescent cells, popularly known as “zombie cells.” Zombie Cells are damaged cells that no longer divide but don't die. That’s bad enough, but zombie cells continue spreading inflammation throughout the body. As the number of zombie cells increases in your body, they become a living nightmare. Why? Zombie cells accelerate aging because they cause the earlier development of many chronic diseases. In this study they found that zombie cells in the animals began to appear while they were on a ketogenic diet. The zombie cells then disappeared when researchers changed the diet to a “non-ketogenic diet” (i.e., the Zone diet). And when the animals were given a Keto diet again, the zombie cells reappeared. Notice a trend? If you want to hear more about this study you can listen to our recent podcast at Dr.Sears.com. Based on earlier blogs, this adds to the list of downsides for following a ketogenic diet versus the Zone Diet. PROS Rapid initial weight loss: This is primarily due to the loss of retained water from the glycogen stores in the liver, which is rapidly used up to maintain blood sugar levels. Since these glycogen stores in the liver contain significant levels of retained water, much of the initial weight loss is water rather than stored body fat. If your main goal is loss retained water, this can be seen as a benefit. Of course, going to a sauna would also work. Reduced hunger: Ketogenic diets are rich in protein. Any increase in protein intake can help reduce hunger. CONS Production of acetone: One of the ketone bodies produced during ketosis is acetone, which is also the main chemical in nail polish. Increased calcium loss: A ketogenic diet can lead to higher calcium loss from bones. Limited fat utilization: High levels of dietary fat reduce the likelihood of using stored body fat for energy unless you also significantly restrict calories. Reduced energy levels: The lack of ATP production on a ketogenic diet can lead to easier fatigue during mild exercise. Damage from cheat meals: After seven days on a keto diet, a single high-carb cheat meal can damage blood vessels. Lack of polyphenols: This makes it difficult to activate genes that optimize metabolism by improving mitochondrial efficiency in converting fat into ATP. No long-term weight loss advantage: Long-term studies show no difference in weight loss between a ketogenic diet and a low-fat, high-carb diet. No short-term metabolic advantage: Careful studies demonstrate that fat loss on a ketogenic diet is the same as on a low-fat, high-carb diet with the same caloric intake. Compromised gut health: A lack of fermentable fiber from carbohydrates can lead to poor gut health and an increased risk of developing a leaky gut, which can cause significant inflammation. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the metabolic product of fermentable fiber. These SCFA are powerful epigenetic signaling agents that enhance gene transcription. Ketosis generates a different type of hydroxylated short fatty acid (3-hydroxyl butyrate, that has no effect on gene transcription. In addition, the lack of SCFA has significant negative consequences on the gut-brain axis. Cortisol build-up: To produce glucose for the brain, cortisol levels increase to breakdown protein to make sufficient glucose via neoglucogenesis. Excess cortisol can lead to insulin resistance that cause regain of some of initially loss body fat. In addition, increased cortisol levels cause a depressed immune system as well as destruction of memory cells in the hippocampus. The initial benefits of following the ketogenic diet result in some initial weight loss (primarily water weight rather than fat loss), long-term studies show no significant differences in overall weight loss. Now new findings show a ketogenic diet may lead to significant adverse health consequences by accelerating the formation of zombie cells. Call me crazy, but I feel the key to longevity and wellness comes down to better metabolic control instead of living in a constant state of ketosis. Following Metabolic Engineering® for a lifetime provides that pathway of losing body fat without ketosis. References 1. Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, and Sears B. “Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets.” Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83:1055-61. 2. White AM, Johnston CS, Swan PD, Tjonn SL, and Sears B. “Blood ketones are directly related to fatigue and perceived effort during exercise in overweight adults adhering to low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: a pilot study.” J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 107:1792-1796. 3. Sung-Jen Wei, Joseph R Schell, E Sandra Chocron, Mahboubeh Varmazyad, Guogang Xu, Wan Hsi Chen, Gloria M Martinez, Felix F Dong, Prethish Sreenivas, Rolando Trevino Jr , Haiyan Jiang, Yan Du, Afaf Saliba, Wei Qian, Brandon Lorenzana, Alia Nazarullah, Jenny Chang, Kumar Sharma, Erin Munkácsy, Nobuo Horikoshi, David Gius. Ketogenic diet induces p53-dependent cellular senescence in multiple organs. Sci Adv. 2024 May 17;10(20):eado1463. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1463. 4. Owen OE, Felig P, Morgan AP, Wahren J, Cahill GF Jr. Liver and kidney metabolism during prolonged starvation. J Clin Invest. 1969 Mar;48(3):574-83. doi: 10.1172/JCI106016. 5. Chriett, S., Dąbek, A., Wojtala, M. et al. Prominent action of butyrate over β-hydroxybutyrate as histone deacetylase inhibitor, transcriptional modulator and anti-inflammatory molecule. Sci Rep 9, 742 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36941-9. 6. Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 31;11:25. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025. 

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050824---Tofu-Blog

Tofu: Tips and Recipes Ideas

I have been eating tofu for a very long time, much longer than the 30 or so years I have been following the Zone Diet. Back then many of my favorite recipes came from the Tassajara cookbooks by Edward Espe Brown, the celebrated chef from the kitchen at California’s famous Zen Mountain Center, and cookbooks by Louise Hagler, a.k.a. Wendy Louise, a well-known authority on vegetarian cooking who is associated with a community in Tennessee known as The Farm. Those books are still among the best resources for tofu recipes. My mantra has always been if you don’t like something, don’t eat it. Keep this in mind if you’re new to tofu, start slowly by combining it with flavors and foods you like.    Tips and Suggestions    Firm-sprouted tofu is my preference for the Zone Diet. Unlike traditional tofu, which contains significant amounts of both protein and carbohydrate, sprouted has almost no carbohydrates. It’s lighter tasting, refreshing, and very filling.   Freezing tofu results in a chewy, sponge-like texture. I don’t recommend freezing, but some people prefer it when using tofu to substitute for meat in a recipe.    Baked tofu comes in a variety of flavors and makes an excellent quick meal with some vegetables and fruit added. It’s also great in salads.     Tofu made it into the book “The Top 100 Zone Foods” by Barry Sears.    Some recipes call for draining the tofu first. I find that usually isn’t necessary.   Tofu takes on the flavor of whatever is added to it.    Add nutritional yeast flakes to give a cheesy flavor to vegan tofu scrambles and dips. It’s also rich in protein and vitamin B12.   Cherry Vanilla Tofu “Ice Cream”   Tip: This doesn’t freeze or store well, so prepare only the amount you plan to serve immediately.   Using an immersion blender or a food processor blend equal parts of frozen dark cherries and firm tofu, plus some vanilla extract (preferably alcohol-free for best flavor). Serve immediately.  Tofu Scramble  This is great for breakfast, lunch, or dinner, and we’ve even brought it on long day hikes for a snack.   Crumble some firm tofu and stir in a generous amount of seasonings, taking care not to overdo it with the salt. Heat in a well-seasoned or nonstick skillet with a little Zone-friendly oil to the desired doneness.    Optional: If time allows, sauté some chopped onion in the skillet before adding the tofu and seasonings.    My favorite seasoning combination for this dish at my house is onion powder, garlic powder, turmeric, paprika, some oregano or thyme, nutritional yeast flakes, salt, and ground black pepper. The yellow color of the turmeric makes it somewhat like scrambled eggs.   Tofu Veggie Almond Pasta Salad   Dressing: Thin some smooth almond butter by stirring in some water, a little vinegar, and either soy sauce or Bragg’s Liquid Aminos (an unfermented soy sauce found in the health food section of most grocery stores).    Toss together cooked Dr. Sears’ Zone PastaRx Fusilli, tofu cut into cubes, matchstick cut red bell pepper, chopped green parts of scallions (a.k.a. green onions), and the almond butter dressing. Serve immediately or chill to serve later. It will keep well in the fridge for two or three days.   Use your imagination and see what you can come up with.  Experiment and have fun with it. Try using tofu to make cheesecakes, whipped desserts, tofu chocolate pudding, tofu “cream” based soups, tofu pot pie (think chicken pot pie), tofu burgers, tofu burritos, Buffalo tofu (like Buffalo wings), layered Mediterranean dips, tofu “meatballs”, grilled tofu, and more.    Enjoy! 

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